品牌標識角度論證基礎:二元論 二元論(Dualism)認為世界有兩個本源,這兩個本源是平行的。

       二元論在哲學史上是個呼風喚雨的名詞,從古代的亞里士多德時代開始,到近代康德、笛卡爾等諸多大師都是二元論的倡導者。亞里士多德發現了形式與質料之間的二元論,奧古斯丁則發現了上帝之城與人類之城之間的二元論。

      近代哲學史上典型的二元論者是由二分法造成,典型代表是17世紀法國哲學家R笛卡爾,他主張心靈與身體之間的二元論(心物二元論),而康德則發現了現象界與本體之間的二元論,還有一些非主流的二元理論,如實體二元論(Substance Dualism)、概念二元論(Conceptual Dualism)等。

       二元論認為,精神和物質是兩種絕對不同的實體,精神的本質在于思想,物質的本質在于存在;物質不能思想,精神如果沒有載體(人/大腦/文字/言語/視覺等)不能存在。 精神和物質二者彼此完全獨立,不能由一個決定或派生另一個。簡單地說,二元論是主張世界有精神和物質兩個獨立本原的哲學學說。由于二元論割裂了物質和精神的關系,不能科學地解決世界的本質問題,也無法將物質和精神絕對獨立的原則貫徹到底,即使是笛卡爾,最終還是倒向唯心主義的一元論。

      The basis of brand identity argument: dualism

      Dualism holds that the world has two origins, which are parallel.

      Dualism is a powerful term in the history of philosophy. From the ancient Aristotle era to modern Kant, Descartes and many other masters are advocates of dualism. Aristotle discovered the dualism between form and material, while Augustine discovered the dualism between the city of God and the city of man.

       In the history of modern philosophy, the typical dualism is caused by dichotomy. The typical representative is the 17th century French philosopher r Descartes, who advocated the dualism between mind and body. Kant found the dualism between phenomenology and ontology, and some non mainstream dualism, such as substance dualism and conceptual dualism.

      Dualism holds that spirit and matter are two absolutely different entities, the essence of spirit lies in thought, and the essence of matter lies in existence; matter cannot think, and spirit cannot exist without carrier (human / brain / words / speech / vision, etc.).

      Spirit and matter are completely independent of each other and cannot be determined by one or derived from the other. In short, dualism is a philosophical theory which advocates that the world has two independent sources of spirit and material. Because dualism separates the relationship between material and spirit, it can not solve the problem of the essence of the world scientifically, and it can not carry out the principle of absolute independence of material and spirit to the end. Even Descartes, in the end, turned to idealist monism.